Arab Spring - Wikipedia. This article is about the demonstrations and revolts in the Arab world in early 2. For other Arab revolts, see Arab Revolt (disambiguation).
The Arab Spring (Arabic: . Major insurgencies in Syria, Libya and Yemen resulted along with civil uprisings in Egypt and Bahrain, large street demonstrations in Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco and Oman, and minor protests even in Saudi Arabia. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2.
Many Arab Spring demonstrations were met with violent responses from authorities. These attacks were answered with violence from protestors in some cases. In the aftermath of the Iraq War it was used by various commentators and bloggers who anticipated a major Arab movement towards democratization. Social media sites were a platform for different movements composed by many frustrated citizens, including the 2. He claimed that most people in the Middle East and North Africa used texting, emailing, and blogging only to organize and communicate information about internal local protests. In the countries with the lowest Internet penetration and the limited role of social networks, such as Yemen and Libya, the role of mainstream electronic media devices - cell phones, emails, and video clips (e. You. Tube) was very important to cast the light on the situation in the country and spread the word about the protests in the outside world.
These protests included rallies, sit- ins, and strikes, during which there were two fatalities, an unspecified number of wounded, and dozens of arrests. The idea for this type of demonstration spread throughout the country, promoted by computer- literate working class youths and their supporters among middle- class college students. In February 2. 00. United States Ambassador Robert Ford wrote in a leaked diplomatic cable that Algeria is 'unhappy' with long- standing political alienation; that social discontent persisted throughout the country, with food strikes occurring almost every week; that there were demonstrations every day somewhere in the country; and that the Algerian government was corrupt and fragile. Their intention was to demonstrate against labor discrimination, unemployment, looting of resources, and human rights abuses. The security forces faced strong opposition from some young Sahrawi civilians, and rioting soon spread to El Aai. Violence against Sahrawis in the aftermath of the protests was cited as a reason for renewed protests months later, after the start of the Arab Spring.
Unable to find work and selling fruit at a roadside stand, Bouazizi had his wares confiscated by a municipal inspector on 1. December 2. 01. 0. An hour later he doused himself with gasoline and set himself afire.
His death on 4 January 2. It was sparked by the first protests that occurred in Tunisia on 1. December 2. 01. 0 in Sidi Bouzid, following Mohamed Bouazizi's self- immolation in protest of police corruption and ill treatment. The largest, most organised demonstrations often occurred on a . Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia on 1. January 2. 01. 1 following the Tunisian Revolution protests. In Egypt, President.
Hosni Mubarak resigned on 1. February 2. 01. 1 after 1. The Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi was overthrown on 2. August 2. 01. 1, after the National Transitional Council (NTC) took control of Bab al- Azizia. He was killed on 2. October 2. 01. 1, in his hometown of Sirte after the NTC took control of the city. Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh signed the GCC power- transfer deal in which a presidential election was held, resulting in his successor Abd al- Rab Mansur al- Hadi formally replacing him as the president of Yemen on 2.
February 2. 01. 2, in exchange for immunity from prosecution. Weapons and Tuareg fighters returning from the Libyan Civil War stoked a simmering conflict in Mali which has been described as 'fallout' from the Arab Spring in North Africa. Sudanese President Omar al- Bashir announced that he would not seek re- election in 2. In December 2. 01. Time magazine named .
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Yemeni Crisis follows. Overthrow of Ali Abdullah Saleh; Saleh granted immunity from prosecution.
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Some activists deported. The demonstrations were preceded by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption. The protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three decades. Ben Ali fled into exile in Saudi Arabia, ending his 2. However, the five newly appointed non- RCD ministers resigned almost immediately.
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These elections were characterized by the fall in popularity of Ennahdha, for the secular Nidaa Tounes party, which became the first party of the country. Beginning around midnight on 2.
January, the Egyptian government attempted, somewhat successfully, to eliminate the nation's Internet access. Mubarak also appointed the first Vice President in almost 3. The U. S. A civilian, Essam Sharaf, was appointed as Prime Minister of Egypt on 4 March to widespread approval among Egyptians in Tahrir Square.
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On 3 July 2. 01. 3, the military overthrew the replacement government and President Morsi was removed from power. By 1. 8 February the opposition controlled most of Benghazi, the country's second- largest city. The government dispatched elite troops and militia in an attempt to recapture it, but they were repelled.
By 2. 0 February, protests had spread to the capital Tripoli, leading to a television address by Saif al- Islam Gaddafi, who warned the protestors that their country could descend into civil war. The rising death toll, numbering in the thousands, drew international condemnation and resulted in the resignation of several Libyan diplomats, along with calls for the government's dismantlement. Two days later, France, the United States and the United Kingdom intervened in Libya with a bombing campaign against pro- Gaddafi forces. A coalition of 2. Europe and the Middle East soon joined the intervention. The forces were driven back from the outskirts of Benghazi, and the rebels mounted an offensive, capturing scores of towns across the coast of Libya. The offensive stalled however, and a counter- offensive by the government retook most of the towns, until a stalemate was formed between Brega and Ajdabiya, the former being held by the government and the latter in the hands of the rebels.
Focus then shifted to the west of the country, where bitter fighting continued. After a three- month- long battle, a loyalist siege of rebel- held Misrata, the third largest city in Libya, was broken in large part due to coalition air strikes. The four major fronts of combat were generally considered to be the Nafusa Mountains, the Tripolitanian coast, the Gulf of Sidra. Many institutions of the government, including Gaddafi and several top government officials, regrouped in Sirte, which Gaddafi declared to be Libya's new capital. Demonstrators initially protested against governmental proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen, unemployment and economic conditions. On 3 February, 2. Sana'a. Protests continued over the following months, especially in the three major cities, and briefly intensified in late May into urban warfare between Hashid tribesmen and army defectors allied with the opposition on one side and security forces and militias loyal to Saleh on the other.
The protesters joining the . Pressure on Saleh to sign the GCC initiative eventually led to his signing of it in Riyadh on 2. November, in which Saleh agreed to step down and set the stage for the transfer of power to his vice- president. A presidential election was then held on 2. February 2. 01. 2, in which Hadi (the only candidate) won 9. The man was arrested right after the assault. As a result, protesters called for the freedom of the arrested man.
Soon protests erupted over the arrest and abuse of the children. Daraa was to be the first city to protest against the Ba'athist government, which has been ruling Syria since 1.
Protests continued through July 2. At least 1. 36 people were killed, the highest death toll in any day since the start of the uprising. By late December, the battles between the government's security forces and the rebel Free Syrian Army intensified in Idlib Governorate. Cities in Idlib and neighborhoods in Homs and Hama began falling into the control of the opposition, during this time military operations in Homs and Hama stopped. By mid- January the FSA gained control over Zabadani and Madaya.
By late January, the Free Syrian Army launched a full- scale attack against the government in Rif Dimashq, where they took over Saqba, Hamoreya, Harasta and other cities in Damascus's Eastern suburbs. On 2. 9 January, the fourth regiment of the Syrian Army led by the president's brother Maher al- Assad and the Syrian Army dug in at Damascus, and the fighting continued where the FSA was 8 km away from the Republican palace in Damascus. Fighting broke out near Damascus international airport, but by the next day the Syrian government deployed the Republican Guards. The military gained the upper hand and regained all land the opposition gained in Rif Dimashq by early February.
On 4 February, the Syrian Army launched a massive bombardment on Homs and committed a huge massacre, killing 5. Homs. By mid- February, the Syrian army regained control over Zabadani and Madaya. In late February, Army forces entered Baba Amr after a big military operation and heavy fighting. Following this, the opposition forces began losing neighborhoods in Homs to the Syrian Army including al- Inshaat, Jobr, Karm el- Zaytoon and only Homs's old neighborhood's, including Al- Khalidiya, Homs. Saraqib and Sarmin were also recaptured by the government during the month. Still, at this time, the opposition managed to capture al- Qusayr and Rastan.
Heavy fighting also continued in several neighborhoods in Homs and in the city of Hama.